This Exam P sample reference tests Exponential Distribution. An exponential variable's mean equals its standard deviation, so the conditioning threshold is 1000. Memorylessness reduces the additional 500-unit survival probability to exp(-0.5)=0.606531, selecting choice D.
These notes identify the calculation error associated with each wrong letter when that error is reproducible.
AThe value exp(−1.5)=0.2231, near 0.22, is the unconditional probability of exceeding 1500 and omits conditioning.
BThe value 1-exp(−0.5)=0.3935, near 0.39, is the conditional probability of ending within the next 500 units, the complementary event.
CThe value 0.50 treats the 500-unit excess as half of the mean and converts that ratio directly to probability; exponential survival is not linear.
EThe value 1-exp(−1.5)=0.7769, near 0.78, is the unconditional probability of not exceeding 1500.
Original practice · fully worked
Original variant: uncertainty in a remaining outage bill
A server recovery time T is exponentially distributed with mean 2.5 hours. The server is still offline after four hours. Let R be the additional recovery time beyond hour four. The remaining service bill is B=100+300R dollars. Calculate the conditional standard deviation of B.
A 2.5
B 100
C 300
D 750
E 562500
Variant answer in brief
Given survival to hour four, R remains exponential with standard deviation 2.5. The fixed fee does not affect spread and the multiplier 300 scales standard deviation to 300(2.5)=750, choice D.
Setup
Setup
Condition on the observed survival and define the remaining duration.
R=T−4∣T>4
Model
Model
Exponential memorylessness gives the residual the original distribution, and an affine transformation scales standard deviation by the absolute slope.
R∼Exponential(mean 2.5)
SD(100+300R)=300SD(R)
Compute
Compute
Use equality of exponential mean and standard deviation, then apply the billing rate.
SD(R)=2.5
SD(B)=300(2.5)=750
Answer
Answer
The remaining bill's conditional standard deviation is 750 dollars.
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